Novel sequencing methodology which should be readily and completely automated. The method relies on fragmentation of a nucleotide or deoxynucleotide sequence into short fragments, and subsequent quantitation of the fragments by hybridization to olio Deoxynucleotides on a solid support.
Extracts of local sequence information from a DNA fragment using hybridization methods with oligonucleotides and reconstructs the sequence using derived information. The set of hybridization probes the derived rates of false positive and false negative hybridization, the most likely DNA fragment have to produce the set of probes, and then estimate its probability that it’s generated the hybridization data.
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Fragmentation
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Sequences
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Hybridization
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Reconstructs
Molecular Biology is the field of biology that studies with the composition, structure and interactions of cellular molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins they carry out the biological processes essential for the cell's functions and maintenance.
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Wide-ranging coverage of problems related to molecular and cell biology
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Topics include structural and functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, biomedicine, molecular enzymology, molecular virology and molecular immunology, and more
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Publishes general interest reviews, mini-reviews, experimental and theoretical works and computational analyses in molecular and cell biology
Discoveries of natural RNA catalyst was been prompted for the chemical biologists to pursue artificial nucleic acids that have catalytic activities. Those artificial nucleic acid enzymes may compose either Rib nucleotide or DNA. ‘Nucleic acid enzyme’ is used for identify nucleic acids that have catalytic activity. Ribozymes are found in the nature and mediate phosphodiester bond cleavage and formation and peptide bond formation.
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Catalytic activity
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Ribozymes
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Peptide bond
The primary nucleic acid bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil for RNA only. The base pair usually involves hydrogen bonding between a purine and a pyrimidine In DNA guanine base pairs with cytosine while adenine base pair with thymine and instead of thiamine uracil is placed in RNA.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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Ribonucleic acid
The two ribbons symbolize the two phosphate-sugar chains, and the horizontal rods the pairs of bases holding the chains together firmly. The vertical line marks on the fiber axis. Those two strands of the helix run in the opposite directions, meaning that the 5′ end of one strand is paired up with the 3′ end of its matching strand.
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X-ray crystallography
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Triple helix
Protein biosynthesis subject the defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and deficiency in the mitochondrial translation. protein synthesis in mitochondria, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acid and stroke-like episodes, protein synthesis directed by the nucleus, ribosome, the structure of transfer RNA (tRNA), initiation of the amino acid tRNA synthase, elongation and peptidyltransferase ribozyme, termination, inhibitors of protein synthesis, proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm but destined for mitochondria, proteins destined for the nucleus, and the proteins destined for other sites including plasma membrane and secretion from cell.
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Nucleic acids
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Genetic material
PNA are synthetic analog of DNA with a repeating N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine peptide backbone connected to purine and pyrimidine nucleobases via a linker. The unique properties of PNA, including resistance to enzymatic digestion, higher bio stability combined with great hybridization affinity toward DNA and RNA, it has attracted great attention toward PNA- based technology as a promising approach for gene alteration. However, an important challenge in utilizing PNA is poor intracellular uptake. Some strategies have been developed to enhance the delivery of PNA in order to reach cognate site.
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Complementary DNA
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Hydrogen-bonding
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides that are long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn attached to a phosphate group.
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Polynucleotides
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Nucleotides
Nucleic acid probes are used not only to detect mRNA, but to assess interphase chromosomes in tumor cells. Probe is placed into contact with the sample under conditions that allow the probe sequence to hybridize with its complementary sequence. Probes may consist of either DNA or RNA, and they vary in length from short oligonucleotides to mutagenic chromosomal segments cloned into bacteria.
Nucleic acid probes are based on detection of unique nucleotide sequences within the DNA or RNA of a microorganism these unique nucleotide 'signatures' are surrogates for the presence of organism itself. Bacterial ribosomes are highly conserved and are essential organelles responsible for protein synthesis process.
A hybridization probe is a fragment of DNA or RNA of variable length it can then be used in DNA or RNA samples to detect the presence of nucleotide substance the probe may be synthesized using the phosphoramidite method, or it can be generated and labelled by PCR process amplification or cloning. In order to increase the in vivo stability of the probe RNA are not used. In that case RNA analogues may be used, in a particular morpholino- derivative. Molecular DNA or RNA probes are now routinely used in screening gene libraries, detecting nucleotide sequences with blotting methods, and in other gene technologies, such as nucleic acid and the tissue microarrays method.
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Phosphoramidite method
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Tissue microarrays method
Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid, Morpholino and locked nucleic acid, as well as glycol nucleic acid, threose nucleic acid and hexitol nucleic acids
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Nucleobases
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Xeno nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are the main information-carrying molecules of the cell, and, by directing the process of protein synthesis, they determine the inherited characteristics of every living thing.
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Protein synthesis
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Information-carrying molecules
There are three types of RNA.Ribonucleic acid is an important biological macromolecule that is present in all biological cells
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Nucleic acids are the long linear or circular macromolecules, either DNA or various types of RNA that composed of linked nucleotides. These molecules are able to carry genetic information that directs all cellular functions.
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Macromolecules
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Cellular function
DNA is repaired by the removal of damaged bases followed by resynthesized of the excised region. Some lesions in DNA can be repaired by direct reversal of the damage, which may be a more efficient way of dealing with specific types of DNA damage that occur frequently.
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Temperature
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Homologous recombinant
In RNA processing requires a proper splicing of a primary transcript and modification of the 5′- and 3′-ends to generate a mature mRNA and the focus will be on the interdependence of these RNA-processing events with ongoing transcription
Recombinant (rDNA) DNA technology is the joining of DNA molecules from two different species. The recombined DNA molecules are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, agriculture, and industry. A geneticist is to isolate, characterize, and manipulate gene. (rDNA) technology is based upon primarily on two other technologies, cloning and DNA sequencing. Cloning is under taken in order to obtain the clones of one particular gene or DNA sequence of interest. Next step after cloning is to find and isolate that clone among other member of the library (a large collection of clones). The segments of DNA have been cloned, its nucleotide sequence can be determined.
Temperature can affect the nucleic acid structure of double stranded DNA (dsDNA). Melting temperature is defined as the temperature at which half of the DNA strands are in random coil or single stranded (ssDNA) condition. Tm depends on length of the DNA molecule and its specific nucleotide sequence. And therefore DNA, are in a state where its two strands are dissociated.
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Melting temperature
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DNA molecule
The Diseases are caused by pathogenic organisms such as viruses or fungus. Normally they are harmless but under certain conditions, they can be dangerous and can cause death too. They can spread from one person to another directly or indirectly. Infectious diseases are caused by infection causing organisms they can use the human body for surviving, reproducing and colonizing.
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Urinary Tract Infections
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Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Cryptococci meningitis
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Bacterial Infectious Diseases
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Viral Infectious Diseases
